Vulnerable Populations Essay Example for Free

Vulner competent Populations EssayAll communities contain a morally ill community. Their behavior is considered to be inappropriate and abnormal. Every hostel has cultivated solutions in which to treat the psychicly ill in order to rule out disruption of the strong civil function. Normal behavior varies through generations and societies. When deciding if a person is mentally ill, the generation and culture must be taken into consideration. Approximately 26 percentage of the U.S. population suffers from mental illness, with six percent of that percentage suffering from such debilitating mental afflictions that their ability to function is limited. The History of psychical IllnessIn ancient times, mental illness was ideal to be madness caused by darned possession. Skulls of the mad were drilled to al economic crisis the demon to escape. During the middle ages, mental illness was believed to be the result of temptresscraft and demonic control. The tormented were toughened as criminals and subject to torturous acts. They were often tied up and thrown into bitterly cold waters. If the person floated, they were considered to be a witch and were murdered in an inhumane and heinous manner. If the suspected sunk, they were found not guilty of witchcraft. The freezing water was accepted as a cure for madness. By the mid 1700s, mental illness was considered an issue for the afflicteds family. As the American colonies grew, the mentally ill began to negatively impact the society. Almshouses were used to board the mentally ill. Specialized hospitals were constructed for the insane. Mistreatment and abuse of the mentally ill were common and continued through the 19th blow.Moral treatment of the mentally ill began in the 18th century when Phillipe Pinel discovered 5,000 patients chained to walls and released them. Dorthea Dix was a U.S. hearty activist who made an appeal to the Massachusetts State Legislature for more humane and benevolent care of the mentall y ill in asylums. Dixs plea accruedregulated conditions in asylums. Most asylums and almshouses were obsolete by the beginning of the 20th century. State psychiatric institutions became the captain means of serving the mentally ill. However, reports of abuse and neglect in state hospitals were prevalent. In 1900, Clifford Beers, a privileged businessman, suffered a nervous breakdown after a family catastrophe. He was admitted to numerous mental hospitals and each was abusive and defamatory. In 1908, Beers penned his autobiography A Mind that Found Itself. The book discusses his mental deterioration as wellnessful as the mental and physical abuse he endured in the hospitals.Beers book was the catalyst for the founding of the National Committee for Mental Hygiene (Presently the National Mental Health Association) which created mission goals, such as improved doctoring, advocacy, and minimizing the negative stereotypes of the mentally ill. The Community Mental Health Centers Act was passed in 1963. This act focused on the maintenance and issue prevention through outpatient care. Patients were released from state hospitals and treated by community facilities. This act began the process of deinstitutionalization in the United States.The Nature of the Social Problems or Issues ExperiencedDeinstitutionalization released thousands of mentally ill patients from psychiatric hospitals into the streets. The majority of these hospitals were shut down, which led to the difficult transition from long-term care to short-term hospital visits. Those with no family or support system were left with nowhere to go and forced to live on the streets. The government approximates that 20 to 30 percent of the United States homeless population suffer from severe mental illness. If this estimate were to include clinical depression and substance abusers, the numbers would climb to a staggering 50 to 80 percent. on that point are many problems trying to get the mentally ill and homeless of the streets. They have the right to refuse treatment and unfortunately many of them do. Other obstacles that prevent the mentally ill and homeless population from receiving adequate care is the lack of government assistance, such as Medicaid and Medicare, to help pay for treatment.Many severely mentally ill men and women are so disoriented, paranoid, and confused that they are unable to participate in client/psychologist services. Another barrier is the firm participationrequirements administered by mental health facilities. Severely mentally ill clients may find it difficult to abide by the rules. In order to remain in living accommodations assistance programs, participants must remain sober which also poses a problem for many of the mentally ill who are plagued with substance abuse disorders. The criminalization of the mentally ill has become a large issue in the United States. The U.S. Department of Justice reports that 8 to 17 percent of the prison population suffers from me ntal illness. The National Alliance on Mental Illness reports that 40 percent of the mentally ill population volition commit a crime at some point.Demographics, Common Clinical Issues, and Intervention Strategies Mental illness does not discriminate. It affects all races, social classes and religions. The only difference is that those in a higher social class are able to receive better care. Studies show that minorities receive poor mental health treatment because of the underrepresentation of certain ethnicities in the mental health field and the refusal of mental health care by certain cultures. People suffering from mental illness may seek help by instantly going to a specialist or by seeking assistance from a mental health agency. Mental health experts must be able to diagnose the frequent symptoms and evidence of mental illness in a client. The method for diagnosing mental illness in the United States is the Diagnostic and statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR).Th is method is disputed by many professionals because it treats mental illness as a diagnosis of a disease rather than charge on a persons strengths to obtain wellness. Axis I of the DSM-IV-TR includes clinical disorders such as bipolar, clinical depression, substance abuse issues. They are treated with psychotropic medications and psychotherapy. Axis II consists of personality disorders and mental retardation. Many professionals feel that people suffering from Axis II illnesses are resistant to treatment. Many mental health professional view those suffering from mental illness as broken and ill. These beliefs can limit the potential of the mentally afflicted.A different outline some mental health professionals are taking is using the Strength Perspective. This plan of action requires the practitioner to focus on a clients successes and advantages rather than promoting their shortcomings. Other intervention strategies include insight counseling which allows clients to create coping skills to help them deal with their mental health issues. Group counseling allows clients to constitute support andfriendship from those suffering from the same mental afflictions. Psychotropic medication can alleviate mentally crippling symptoms and Psychiatric rehabilitation aides low functioning clients in obtaining the basic living skills.Future InterventionsThe United States has encountered many modifications throughout the last 50 years. The mental health profession will doubtlessly undergo many more changes in the years to come. Human Service Professionals are the approaching of mental health. They continuously crusade for augmented funding and give to develop new intervention and counseling strategies tailored to the intricate and complex needs of the mentally ill population. Experts and scientists continuously work to create advancements in medications that will remove all debilitating effects of severe mental illness.ReferencesMartin, M.C. (2011). Introduction to Human Services Through the Eyes of Practice Settings (2nd ed.). Boston, MA Allyn and Bacon Publishing.A future vision of mental health. (n.d.). Retrieved fromhttp//www.newvisionformentalhealth.org.uk/A_future_vision_for_mental_health.pdfLeupo, K. (n.d.). The history of mental illness. Retrieved fromhttp//www.toddlertime.com/advocacy/hospitals/Asylum/history-asylum.htm

Malware Discussion Essay Example for Free

Malw ar Discussion EssayThe use of malw be is a way for attackers to gain access to person information from a personal estimator or troupe information from an organization. There are several types of malware which include computer computer virus, rootkits, and dirt balls. Each malware serves different purposes to achieve the goal of an attacker. An attacker could be envious of a past lover and could send a virus to their email to shutdown the operations of their computer. A disgruntle employee could send a worm to their old alliance and slow down production of the comp all. A random person looking for a thrill could set up a rootkit on a companys network to gain access to company secrets. Each malware is given a name specified for its cause, for example the Trojan Worm. The name is given to this virus because of the activity that happens formerly it is executed. Viruses are named by antivirus companies who avoid using proper names. The Melissa virus was named by its creator, David Smith, for a Miami stripper. This paper will discuss 5 different types of malware and inform the targets for these attacks.Discussion of Malware The first of all malware that will be discussed is the Melissa Virus. This virus was detected on the 26th of March 1999. This virus is a Microsoft intelligence service macro virus that is delivered as an E-mail attachment. The virus is activated when an attachment named, list. doc is opened. When it is activated, the Melissa virus searches the Microsoft Outlook address book and sends a essence to the first 50 names. This virus proliferates itself as users open the attachment. Melissa doesnt work on Outlook Express, near Outlook.The message appears to come from the person just infected, which means that the message will seem to come from a recognizable email address. Melissa doesnt destroy files or early(a) resources, but has the happening to immobilize corporate and other mails servers. The origin of the Melissa virus is from a n Internet alt. sex newsgroup and contains a list of passwords for various Web sites that require memberships. Melissa as well as has the ability to disable some security safeguards. Users of Microsoft Word 97 or 2000 with Microsoft Outlook 97, 98, or 200 are most likely to be affected.When the virus attacks, it tail end infect the copy of Microsoft Word that is installed as well as any following Word documents that are created. It can also change the aspect of Microsoft Word to make it easier for the computer to become infected by it and succeeding macro viruses. Users of Word 97 or 2000 containing any other E-mail programs can be affected also the difference is that Melissa will not automatically redistribute itself to the contacts through with(predicate) other E-mail programs. It can still moreover infect the copy of Microsoft installed on the machine.This infected copy can still be shared with others if a document is created in the infected copy and distributed through E-ma il, floppy disk, or FTP. Although the virus wont appeal to the mailout on a Mac system, it can be stored and resent from Macs. To avoid this virus, it is suggested to not double-click any file, such as an E-mail attachment, without scanning it first with antivirus software, regardless of who it is from. The next malware to be discussed is SQL injection which is an attack where malicious code is placed in deep down strings that are shortly passed on to an example of SQL Server for parsing and implementation.A form of SQL injection consists of direct placing of code into user-input variables that link with SQL commands and executed. An attack that is not as direct, inserts malicious code into strings that are intended for storage in a table or as metadata. The malicious code is executed once the stored strings are linked into a dynamic SQL command. In SQL Injection, the hacker uses SQL queries and ingenuity to get to the database of susceptible corporate data through the web applicat ion.Websites with features as login pages, support and product request forms, feedback forms, search pages, shopping carts and the general delivery of dynamic field of study, shape modern websites and provide businesses with the means necessary to communicate with prospects and customers are all vulnerable to SQL Injection attacks. The reason behind this is because the fields available for user input allow SQL statements to pass through and query the database directly. SQL Injection flaws are introduced when software developers create dynamic database queries that include user supplied input.There have been several reports of SQL attacks, dating back to 2005. The websites that have became victim to these attacks range from Microsoft U. K. to Lady wastes website. To avoid SQL injection flaws, it is suggested that developers need to either a) stop writing dynamic queries and/or b) prevent user supplied input which contains malicious SQL from affecting the logic of the executed quer y. The next malware discussed will be Stuxnet. Stuxnet is a computer worm that targets Siemens industrial software and equipment running Microsoft Windows, and was discovered in June 2010.Although Stuxnet isnt the first attack to target industrial systems, it is however the first discovered malware that actually moles on and weakens industrial systems. Stuxnet is also the first malware to include a programmable logic comptroller rootkit. Stuxnet is designed to target specialally Siemens supervisory control and data acquisition systems that are configured to control and monitor specific industrial processes. The PLCs are infected by Stuxnet weakening the Step-7 software application that is utilize to reprogram these devices.Stuxnet is different from other malware as it only attacks computers and networks that meet a specific configuration requirement. Stuxnet contains a safeguard and if Siemens software isnt discovered on the infected computer will prevent each infected computer f rom spreading the worm to more than three others, and to erase itself on June 24, 2012. Along with other things for its victims, Stuxnets contains code for a man-in-the-middle attack. Stuxnet will spread through removable devices such as an USB oblige in a Windows run system by using a four zero-day attack.After it has infected the removable drive, it uses other utilizations and techniques to infect and update other computers inside private networks. Stuxnet infects Step 7 software by infecting project files belong to Siemens WinCC/PCS 7 SCADA control software and weakens a key confabulation library of WinCC called s7otbxdx. dll. It is recommended by Siemens to contact customer support if and infection is detected and advises installing Microsoft patches for security vulnerabilities and prohibiting the use of third-party USB flash drives. Next, Zeus, also know as Zbot virus will be discussed.This virus is geared toward fiscal institutions such as banks. Zeus was first discovered in July 2007 after being used to steal information from the US DOT. Zeus is set up to infect a consumers PC, and wait until the log onto a list of targeted banks and financial institutions and steal their authentication and sends them to a remote server in real time. Zeus can also inject HTML into a page that is provided by the browser, this displays its own content instead of the actual page from the banks web server. By doing this, it is able to obtain users information such card numbers and pins.According to SecureWorks, genus Zeus is sold in the criminal underground as a kit for around $3000-4000, and is likely the one malware most utilized by criminals specializing in financial fraud. According to Lucian Constantin, Zeus is one of the oldest and most popular crimeware toolkits available on the underground market. Up until this year the Trojan could only be acquired for significant sums of bullion from its original author. However, a few months ago the source code leaked online and now anyone with the proper knowledge can create variations of the malware.Also according to SecureWorks, The latest reading material of Zeus as of this date is 1. 3. 4. x and is privately sold. The author has gone to great lengths to protect this version using a Hardware-based Licensing System. The author of Zeus has created a hardware-based licensing system for the Zeus Builder kit that you can only run on one computer. Once you run it, you get a code from the specific computer, and then the author gives you a key just for that computer. This is the first time they have seen this level of control for malware.The CTU recommends that businesses and home users carry out online banking and financial proceeding on isolated workstations that are not used for general Internet activities, such as web browsing and reading email which could increase the luck of infection. The last malware that will be discussed is the Blaster worm also known as Lovsan, Lovesan, or MSBlast. The Blaster worm spreads on computers that have Windows XP and Windows 2000 as an operating system and was detected in August of 2003. The creator of the B variant of the Blaster worm, Jeffrey Lee Parson was an 18 year old from Hopkins, Minnesota.He was arrested on August 29, 2003, admitted to the creation of the B variant, and was sentenced to 18-months in prison in January 2005. A Windows component known as the DCOM (Distributed Component Object Model) interface which is a known vulnerability of Windows is taken advantage of by Blaster. The DCOM handles messages sent using the RPC (Remote Procedure Call) protocol. Vulnerable systems can be compromised without any interaction from a user, according to Johannes Ullrich, head word technology officer at the SANS Internet Storm Center, which monitors threats to the Internet infrastructure.According to Mikko Hypponen, manager of antivirus research at F-Secure in Helsinki, Blaster unlike the Code flushed worm, which contained code for a similar at tack against the IP address of White Houses main Web server, targets the windowsupdate. microsoft. com domain, which prevents Microsoft from changing the address of the domain to beleaguer the attack. Blasters code is small and can be quickly removed using free tools provided by F-Secure as well as other antivirus vendors, Hypponen said. However, customers should patch their systems in the lead removing Blaster to prevent from getting infected again from the worm, he said.

Polymer Suspension Based Shear Thickening Fluid Fabric

Polymer Suspension Based lop Thickening Fluid FabricPolymer w any hanging based dress knob quiet- stuff for protective applications was a new idea. Shear guest uns accede was in addition cognise as STF. Generally STF contains liquid mass medium and solid jots which depose be inorganic or organic based. Basically, the viscosity of the Shear Thickening Fluid (STF) result be increased when rob straining increase. By exploiting this fluid deformation from STF, for the model itself, the friction between yarn-yarn and fiber-fiber will be increased drastically when force applied over the fabric composite. Then, the fabric itself will be having higher energy absorption when STF impregnated with the fabric itself compargond with un-impregnated fabric composite.The reason for this selection was motivated by previous works in this argona, as well as the beneficial characteristics provided by these dickens stuffs. US Patents 5599290 and 5545128 have developed Bone fracture preve ntion garment and method. In these two works, carried verboten by the same authors, the patent outlines a design used to resolve the issue of the harmful effects of impacts on the bones of elderly individuals. This design was exposit as being composed of the fol number 1ing the component includes a dilatant material that was relatively stiff near the time of impact and relatively fluid at new(prenominal) times. In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a hip pad, possessing a thickness small enough to be compatible with we arr acceptability, that conforms to the shape of the embody during everyday activities such as walking, sitting, and sleeping, and was thus comfor set back to the weargonr (5-14).In invest to model the rheological expression of these fluids, it has been proposed to use a power law psycho analytic thinking with the relationship between the viscosity and shear appraise represented by = k n-1Where k is the fluids consistency and n is the power law ex ponent particularised to the region of high or low viscosity. According to Barnes, the shear-thinning and shear- change regions flush toilet be accounted for by, utilise the sum of two power laws, with one value of n little than unity and one greater. (8)The rheology studied will be focused on colloidal breach rather than hard element faulting. Hard particle intermission like silica particle, was extensively studied by more researched over the world like Wagner and Lee Barnes (5 8) .They claimed, the hard particle hang up in the polythene glycol ( letter carrier fluid) will exhibit shear thickening manner by varying the mountain component of the particle over carrier fluid from, higher up 40% to 55%. 30% by volume fraction will not exhibit shear thickening port but in Ragvahan essays showed (10), by using 10% volume fraction of fumed silica suspended in the Polypropylene glycol (PPG), shear thickening behavior had occurred but apparent referred to particle agglome ration( flocculated gel) rather than hydrocluster because fumed silica, naturally have low surface area and larger particle coat. In the experiment, the onset renewing called critical shear rate seems having two lodges, the higher and the pull down shear strain, out-of-pocket to the original structure of the carrier fluid itself (polypropylene glycol). The formation of vinyl group and straight drawing string in PPG gave two formations of clusters (10).Colloidal wall hanging content was not emphasized and thoroughly studied because of the hardity of the colloidal system itself, which usually involved many operators such as steric and electrostatic stabilize, stability of the breakage and the formation of the hydrocluster via modification of the interaction particle of the colloidal breach. In chapter 2, theoretical discussion about colloidal suspension which contributed to the new phenomenon of Shear Thickening Fluid (STF) such as structure-relationship of the colloida l suspension in polymer solution and Solid/Liquid transition (SLT) and in addition liquid/Solid transition (LST) 17. According to the DVLO theory, stabilization of particle in the suspension with steric and electrostatic (will be have lucubrate explanation in the chapter 2) charges are important parameters to be investigated. The colloid particles were similarly known as surface charge particle. It involved the attraction and repulsive force for every single particle in the colloid dispersion or suspension, which contributed to the shear thickening behavior of the STF.In this piece, colloidal suspension rheology will be main elucidateics, by relating it with the structure-relationship and LST theory. In the chapter 2, more circumstanceed onset transition of STF will be extensively discussed. Conventionally, the onset transition involved Order-Disorder transition (ODT) and hydrocluster.The main criteria in Shear Thickening Fluid (STF) were to hazard critical shear rate which w as the critical point when the particles were suspended in the STF. It started to cluster with each other(a), exhibiting shear thickening behavior upon increase in shear rate. There were many meanss in STF, some of them were, volume fraction dependence (between particle and carrier fluid), particle shape and size dependence (porosity) and particle interaction dependence. The particles can be normal charge (hard particle such as fumed silica, clay and any metal oxide particle) or colloidal particle (with charge).In this paper, fumed silica will be used as a main material for hard particle as well as and colloid dispersion. fume silica will be turned into colloidal suspension by surrounding the charging over its surface particle. The main principal of colloidal suspension for this study was based on DVLO theory. Therefore, by studying the electrokinetic for each suspension, relation between this study with measured rheology through the power law index and yield underscore value, th ere are possibilities to relate the structure- relationship in colloidal suspension of STF with onset transition (SLT LST) evaluated. There were two basic requirements for exhibiting shear thickening behavior from colloidal suspension raghavan, wagner, barnes, firstly, the volume fraction of the solid in the suspension must be very high and secondly, suspension must be nonflocculated or deflocculatedSTF Fabric composite will be impregnated with STF has great potential in bullet proof application especially for soft armor. The vest will be having higher flexibility and less heavy than conventional soft armor. Wagner and his team claimed, STF will increase the friction between yarn-yarn and fiber-fiber by 500% using snap out yarn test. Also, by using NIJ as reference stabbed and puncture resistance test (NIJ 115.00) for STF Fabric composite, it easily passed level 1 protection. For the bullet test, also NIJ as reference, it showed interesting results. Instead of higher penetration f rom the bullet (9mm) to the conventional fabric composite, for STF-Fabric composite, bullet was deflected away (rebound) and had less significant mark over the top of the clay in tested frame panel. Basically, fabric composite will be placed over the top of the clay. The mark of the clay will be used as reference for the dissipated energy (energy absorption) from the test. A bigger diameter of the mark and the judiciousness for the mark was deeper indicating the fabric composite has a low dissipated energy system. Smaller diameter of the mark and less depth of the indented clay, showed, a higher dissipated energy system for the fabric composite.1.2 Problem argumentationWagner found that STF had rheological characteristic of dilatant but studied on the use of hard particle in suspension. Colloidal suspension of fume silica in polymeric aqueous media was performed by other researcher but they studied only ionic force play and critical shear rate effect. In depth study on formation of hydroclusters in colloid need to evaluated to relate structure relationship between shear thickening behavior of polymer suspension with regard to man (volume fraction), particle porosity, size and shape of particle. Hence, viscosity metres were evaluated for various polymer systems to determine the effect of these systems on critical shear rate and shear thickening phenomena. Stabbed and puncture loathly fabric composite employing STF with high spike and knife impact performance can be affected by the formulation of STF and adhesion between STF suspension and fabric yarn. Hence, this study is hoped to solve the problems faced by indepth understanding on rheological and performance aspects in the development of STF fabric composite for protective applications.1.3 Objectives Of getThe detail objectives of the project includeTo determine physical colloid properties of colloidal suspension from hard sphere particles and colloidal dispersion via zeta potential studies.To determ ine the rheological behaviors of the colloidal suspension from the effects of opposition system present during steady shear experiments.To fabricate STF fabric composite using various layers of Kevlar 49 and cotton fabric and determine stab and puncture resistance of STF fabric composite according to standard NIJ 115.00 tests.ReferencesBazhenov, S. (1997). Dissipation of Energy by Bulletproof Aramid Fabric. Journal of Materials. Science, 32, 4167-4173.Cunniff, P. (1992An Analysis of the placement Effects in Woven Fabrics Under Ballistic Impact, Textile Research Journal, 62, 495-5093. Egres Jr., R. (2005). Stab performance of shear thickening fluid (STF)-fabric compositesfor body armor applications. outside(a) SAMPE Symposium and Exhibition, 50, 2369-2380.4. Lee, Y. (2003). The ballistic impact characteristics of Kevlar woven fabrics impregnated with a colloidal shear thickening fluid. Journal of materials science, 38(13), 2825-2833Maranzano, B.J. and Wagner, N.J., ( 2001) The eff ects of interparticle interactions and particle size on reversible shear thickening hard-sphere colloidal dispersions, Journal of Rheology, 45(5), 1205-1222, 2001Maranzano, B.J., Wagner, N.J., Fritz, G., Glatter, O., (2000) Surface charge of 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TPM) coated Stber silica colloids by zeta-phase analysis light diffusion and small angle neutron scattering, Lagmuir 16, 10556-10558.Maranzano, B.J., Wagner, N.J. (2001), the effects of particle size on reversible shear thickening of concentrated colloidal dispersions, J. Chem. Phys. 114 10514-10527.Barnes HA (1989) Shear-thickening (dilatancy) in suspensions ofnonaggregating solid particles dispersed in Newtonian liquids. J Rheology, 33, 329-366I.F.Efremov, The Dilatancy of Colloidal Structures and Polymer Solutions Translated from Uspekhi Khimii, 51 285-310 (1982), Russia Chemical Reviews, 51 (2), 1982SRINIVASA R. RAGHAVAN AND SAAD A. KHAN Department of Chemical Engineering, North Carolina State Univers ity, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905G. Fritz, B. J. Maranzano, N. J. Wagner, N. Willenbacher 2002, High frequency rheology of hard sphere colloidal dispersions measured with a torsional resonator, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, 102, 2, pp 149-156J. Schuster, D. Heider, K. Sharp, M. Glowania, 2008, Thermal conductivities of three-dimensionally woven fabric composites Composites Science and Technology, 68, 9, pp 2085-2091Young Sil Lee Norman J. Wagner Dynamic properties of shear thickening colloidal suspensions Rheol Acta (2003) 42 199-208Hoffman RL (1974) noncontinuous and dilatant viscosity behavior in concentrated suspensions. II. Theory and experimental tests. J Colloid Interface Sci 46491-506Hoffman RL (1997) Explanations for the cause of shear thickening in concentrated colloidal suspensions. J Rheology 42111-123Egres, R.G., Lee, Y.S., Kirkwood, J.E., Kirkwood, K.M., Wetzel, E.D., and Wagner, N.J. 2003. Novel flexible body armor utilizing shear-thickening fluid (ST F) composites. Proceedings of 14th International Conference on Composite Materials. San Diego, CA.July 14 18, 2003.Horst Henning pass et. Al Rheology of Polymers near Liquid-Solid TransitionsCHAPTER TWOLITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Shear Thickening Fluid (STF) Introduction ReviewShear thickening fluid, basically have two different types of fluid behavior shear thinning and shear thickening. There are two types of shear thickening behavior in the fluid behavior. First, Shear thickening is a non-Newtonian flow behavior (dilatant) observed as an increase in viscosity with increasing shear rate or applied tune also known as time independent material (Barnes, 1989 Maranzano and Wagner, 2001 Lee and Wagner, 2003). Non-Newtonian flow behavior (rheopectics) observed as an increase in viscosity with increasing duration of speech pattern (shear rate constant) known as the time dependent materials which have a memory to deform over period of time ( encounter 1).Concentrated colloidal suspensions consisting of solid/hard spheres particles dispersed in a carrier liquid have been shown to exhibit rheological shear thickening behavior resulting in large, sometimes discontinuous increases in viscosity above a critical shear rate. This transition from a flowing liquid to a solid-like material is due to the formation of shear induced transient aggregates, or hydroclusters, that dramatically increase the viscosity of the fluid (Barnes, 1989 Maranzano and Wagner, 2001 Lee and Wagner, 2003). For stabilize the STF and avoiding agglomeration behavior, co-solvent is added and it must be do because STF has a very strong molecule interaction between particles and carrier fluid (attraction force) rather than repulsive force when force is applied at specific time (critical shear rate and critical shear stress) Barnes, 1989 Maranzano and Wagner, 2001 Lee and Wagner, 2003.The Shear Thickening Fluid (STF) is the combination of the particles suspended in the carrier fluid. Figure 2 showed the STF curve when shear stress applied on the material. The particles used can be made of various materials, such as Silica Dioxide or other oxides, or polymers such as Polystyrene (PS) or Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), or other polymers from emulsion polymerization. Generally, particles can be in various shapes like spherical, elliptical, disk-like or clay particles (Barnes, 1989).The particles can be stabilized in solution or dispersed by charge, Brownian motion, grafted polymers and others. Then, pH value of a suspension also contributed to the stability of suspension via colloidal condition such as steric inconsistency and electrostatic system. The effects of pH value, concentration of the surfactant, and ionic strength of the surfactant are major factors for the colloidal suspension. This square off parameter is due to the agglomeration particle size (F. Rey, M.A. Ferreira et al. 1995).These are basic parameters in the rheological suspension and colloidal suspension system. Man y studies of shear thickening fluid system (Barnes 1989, Hoffman 1998, Wagner 2004), focus on the colloidal particles only such as nanoparticles colloidal silica and monodisperse silica, which is it is well known as a very electrostatic individual particle interaction in the suspension Brownian suspension.In this paper, electrostatic stabilize and steric repulsion system is used to control the interparticles interaction in the rheological suspension. Electrostatic stabilize is less studies due to the complexity in the rheological suspension. Concentration and ionic strength of the surfactant are the main parameter of this paper and the final exam pH value is critical measured in order to exhibit rheological shear thickening. F. Rey, and M.A. Ferreira in their paper Effect of concentration, pH, and ionic strength on the viscosity of solutions of a soil fulvic acid claims, all the parameter in this studies showed the dramatic instant result of the suspension due to the gel point of t he suspension or well known as iso galvanizing point (iep) by adjusting H+ present in the rheological suspension. in addition of steric repulsion system, do a barriers for the individual surface particle is a intention in this paper. The double layers of the barriers (thickness) due to the zeta potential and electrokinetic theories are independent from the shear stress during rheological experiments. Because of the main intention of this paper are to determine the factors involving onset transition of the STF due to the interparticle interaction dependence which are closely related to the colloidal suspension rheology and the effects of the onset transition (rheological behavior) for the stab and puncture resistance test of fabric composite.Then, the co-solvent that are used, it can be aqueous in nature and non-aqueous which can be chosen to stabilize suspension system The co-solvent should be environmentally stable like ethanol and methanol, so that, they remain integral to the fa bric and suspended during service. Another function of co-solvent is to lower the viscosity of the STF, so that fecundation process of fabric composite becomes efficient and easy. By adjusting the viscosity of the STF, areal density of final fabric composite can be alter and also monitored. The particles must get through and suspended in the fiber-fiber and yarn-yarn lee wagner et al 2003. The result from the good impregnation process is the friction force between yarn-yarn and fiber-fiber will be increased lee wagner et al 2003.But in this paper, by using information from wagner and other researchers, a variation of the drying temperature for the STF and STF- fabric composite will be designed and tested via thermal degradation technique ( pre-degradation) and swelling behavior of the STF-fabric composite after at the different drying temperature. The idea are to avoid pre-degradation region and swelling behavior of the STF in the drying process which is believed will reduced the p erformance of the fabric composite due to the following factors, degradation of the STF and STF-fabric composite due to the drying temperature and swelling behavior of STF. By combination those factors, believed, the internal friction between fiber-fiber and yarn-yarn will be reduced which is make inefficiency of energy absorbtion or dissipated energy for fabric composite (Wagner 2004).2.2 Mechanism of Shear Thickening Fluid (STF)The mechanism of STF normally can be draw via hydrocluster theory and order- pain theory. The similiarity of these theories is a idea of a new macrostructure formation occurred, furthermore, it are closely related to rheological experiments such as temperature and time factors. A some researchers like Barnes (1989), Hoffman (1998) and wagner (2004), claimed colloidal factors such as different types of carrier fluid, particles porosity, and volume fraction of particle suspended. But, these two theories still cant explain in detail about the mechanism of S TF. Wagner and his team claimed the formation of hydrocluster must be a deflocculated suspension and major parmaters of STF are volume fraction, interparticle interaction, and particle porosity. A new theoretical transition will be proposed for STF behavior. Liquid-Solid transition (LST) or semi-solid transition involving the relaxation secernate of the fluid during transition which is normally include the changes of loss and storage modulus during transition and believed new formation of a new macrostructure are formed during rheological experiment. This a new macrostructure formed due to the formation of the attraction force and repulsion force in the STF, which is believed closely related with double layer theories in zeta potential theory. LST theories is based on the transition of the material due to the changing of the complex modulus which are can be translated into the formation of gel (stiffness) and relaxation state of the material during near transiton and at the onset t ransition.2.2.1 HydroclusterThe most related theories to the shear thickening behavior are the hydrocluster theory. Basically, the hydrocluster will be occurred when the balance force from shearing flow in the concentrated suspension and the force rising from particle particle (interparticles) interaction (Bender and Wagner 1995).There are two conditions, first via colloidal factors (steric and electrostatic repulsion) and particle interactions between particle-particle and particle-carrier fluid (Bender and Wagner 1995). Figure 3 showed the formation of hydrocluster, when the applied shear stress on the STF.The formations of hydrocluster are still extensively investigated by researcher in the entire world. The main interest of this unique behavior is the onset transition (critical shear rate) from liquid state to solid or gel state. This phenomenon involving the rapid changes of fluid viscosity in a second whether applied it with shear stress, applied electric field (refer to the ER fluid), and applied magnetic field (refer to the MR fluid). There are specific equipments for detection of this phenomenon such as optical rheometer, small angle neutron scattering (SANS), and two beam light laser scattering. But with all this equipments, still the formation of hydrocluster is unknown phenomena.According to this theory, at the lower stress (below critical stress, utmost volume packing fraction) interparticle interaction either Brownian motion or electrostatic, making the concentrated suspension is easily flow (shear thinning behavior and viscosity of the suspension become lower) due to the particles slippage in the carrier fluid. As the stress is increased, the attraction forces is slightly increases than repulsion force in between particles of the concentrated suspension (particles assembling become larger and the viscosity of the suspension become higher). When the magnitudes of the shearing force are equilibrium to the interparticle interaction, the particle s in the concentrated suspension become cluster also known as hydrocluster.This theory is first suggested by Brady (Bossis and Brady 1989) as a result from stokesian Dynamics simulation and then, supported by optical rheological experiment by wagner (Bender and Wagner 1995). Basically, these phenomenons are closely related with phenomenon of Resonance in physic. In physics, resonance is the tendency of a system to oscillate at greater amplitude at some frequencies than at others. These are known as the systems resonant frequencies (or resonance frequencies). At these frequencies, even small periodic driving forces can dumbfound large amplitude oscillations, because the system stores vibration energy the fundamental of physic 1999.2.2.2 Order-Disorder TheoryThe order-Disorder mechanism is first suggested by Hoffman (Hoffman 1972) which obeserved the monodispersed supension under shear generate different patterns at critical shear rate ( before and after). According to this theory, when the suspension is sheared, particles is ordered in the specific formation ( hexagonal or pentagonal) of packed layers parallel to the plane of shear. After a crtical stress is reached, the instabilities in the formation of packed layers become greater and particles are out of the formation. Then, these particles collide and jammed to each other and produce in the rise of viscosity.An example of these pattern can be seen in figure 4 Hoffman monitored the monodispersed suspension under shear and showed that figure 4(A) corresponds to the order formation of the packed layers while figure 4(B) is cark or random formation of the packed layers after critical shear stress is reached.The illustration of the phenomenon for the order- disorder formation of the packed layers that suggested by Hoffman can be seen in figure 5. those formation is captured by the Hoffman by using a simple shear in figure 4 (A) is same formation in the figure 5 (A). Hoffman predicted that, those formation oc cur due to the strong surface bonding in the monodisperse suspension which normally reffered to the hydrogen and van der waals bond. In figure 5 (B), the disorder formation occurs when sample shear above critical shear stress. Particle are collide and jammed each other and produce in rise of viscosity due to the agglomeration of the particles.2.2.3 Introduction Liquid-Solid Transition (LST)In this paper, a new apprehension theoretical onset transition of STF will be proposed. The main ideas of this theoretical concept are the macrostructure of the fluid are changes during onset transition from liquid state to the solid or gel state, and liquid- solid transition state which is normally involving the relaxation state (). The transition also can be state as semi-solid transition at the critical shear rate. This paper, also will be investigated the formation of the transition by using colloidal particles which are stabilize by using two system, steric and electrostatic repulsion system .LST involves many such of factors, such as theory of gelation, branching theories, and percolation theories. All the theory in LST are closely related to the formation of the macrostructure, whether effect on the temperature surrounding or over time.2.2.3.1 Theory of GelationThe LST of polymers is also technically important since it occurs in nearly all of the common fabrication processes. Examples are injection molding of semi-crystalline polymers (where the surface quality of the finished parts may be affected by gelation shear thickening fluid (STF) and processing of crosslinking polymers. Therefore, the onset transition for STF can be detected by using LST.There are several theories in gelation are normally used in LST. First is branching theories and second is percolation theory. The onset transition are very important to the STF for comparison with the hydrocluster formation theories and order disorder theory and proposed new theoretical idea for the rheological behavior due to the factors affecting the performance of STF such as molecular(a) charge dependence, volume fraction dependence and particle particle interaction dependence. Those all factors which affecting the performance of STF had been discussed in previous sub-chapter.2.2.4 Description of the Phenomena for Shear Thickening Fluid (STF)Basically, the phenomenon of STF is investigated by using a lot of parameter in the last two decades. Volume fraction, particle porosity and interparticle interaction dependence is a major parameters for STF. In this paper, molecular weight of carrier fluid is added in the STFs parameter, in order to increase the potential parameter for the STFs phenomenon.2.2.4.1 Volume Fraction DependenceVolume fraction factor is the main parameter in the shear thickening fluid STF. In general, a solid or hard particle which is suspended in the carrier fluid such as ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol or other carrier fluid which are aqueous in nature or non-aqueous in na ture can exhibit shear thickening behavior at the minimal range of volume fraction in between 30% to 49%. Above 50% of volume fraction, the rheological shear thickening behavior can be measured at lower shear rate but it depending on the complex viscosity of the suspension which is it is related to another parameters like particle size and porosity. Meaning, surface area and aspect ratio of the particle are greater influenced on the final viscosity of the STF.One parameter that has a huge effect on the critical shear rate is the volume fraction. At low volume fractions (below 0.5), shear thickening is either less dramatic or not significant Characterization of Shear-Thickening Fluid-Filled Foam system for Use in Energy Absorption Devices, Jose 2004.Wagner and his team also claims, colloidal silica ( 14nm) which is suspended in the polyethylene glycol, less than or 30% volume fraction of STF will producing less or no significant of thickening behavior either at low shear rate or high er. Raghavan and khan which studying the rheological behavior of fumed silica suspended in low molecular weight polypropylene glycol claim, non-flocculated suspension exhibit shear thickening at 10% w/w under steady flow and strain-thickening under oscillatory shear. Strain-thickening refer to the abrupt increase in the complex modulus complex viscosity.Fumed silica generally known has higher agglomeration size up to 140 micron. Therefore, volume fraction has less significant affected on the shear thickening behavior. The agglomeration size is the main factor in the Raghavan and Khan studies (figure 2.2.4).The results of Barnes demonstrate that at volume fractions in the range of 50 %, the shear thickening behavior is expected and predictable. In addition, theoretical analysis of the maximum volume fraction of monodispersed suspensions predicts this value is max=0.605, where this value corresponds to, the volume fraction for a cubically stacked hexagonal packing (Boersma et al. 1989 ).2.2.4.2 Molecular Weight of the postman Fluid DependenceMolecular weight of the carrier fluid is a new parameter in the STF. Wagner and his team reported that the viscosity of the carrier fluid is important to predict the onset transition from shear thinning to the shear thickening behavior in the STF. A difficulty occurs from getting exacts experimental measurement of the effect of carrier fluids due to the reality that changing the carrier fluid affects the interparticles interaction. In this paper, by monitoring the zeta potential of the carrier fluid, those two effects (molecular weight dependence and Particle-Particle Interaction Dependence) can be separated.The onset transition of STF will be a main indicator for this parameter neither the suspension are flocculated or deflocculated. The idea of used difference molecular weight is cames from colloidal suspension which prepared by raghvan, in his experiment polypropylene glycol (PPG) as a main carrier fluid. He are experimen tal the effect of the rheological behavior for fumed silica suspended in PPG at lower concentration (mass fraction), and showed the STF behavior at low yield stress (figure 6). The experiment by raghvan is difference from wagner and barnes, which used colloidal particle from Nissan Chemicals (MP4540) and suspended in apprehend 200 at high concentration for exhibit shear thicknening behavior (figure 6).Therefore, when turnable fumed silica particle into colloidal fumed silica via steric and electrostatic repulsion system, suspended it in the different molecular weight of carrier fluid at various particle loadings, believed, the suspension will exhibited shear thickening behavior at low yield stress.2.2.4.3 Particle-Particle Interaction DependenceInterparticles interactions are very important in determining the shear thickening behavior of a suspension. Flocculated suspension will not exhibit shear thickening (Barnes 1989), but instead they will show shear thinning, as shown in figur e 7.Basically, the flow behavior of a suspension is extremely affected by interparticle interaction. These phenomenons also refer to the final condition which refers to the pH value of a suspension. Therefore in table 1, the Floc sizes are monitored due to the effect of pH value, electrolytes, and polymer on a kaolin suspension. Because of flocculation is expected to begin at lower pH values, namely bank to face that kaolin is positively charged and de-flocculation at higher pH values it carries a net negative charge on the surface. (Nongkhran Chaiwong 2008).The flocculation of kaolin depended on pH, electrolytes and polymers flocculants. Floc size and floc strength increased with increasing of cation valency in the electrolytes and increasing of molecular weight in the polymers (Nongkhran Chaiwong 2008).The information that gathered from table 1 is important for the colloidal suspension

Conservation Of Forest Resources In North India Environmental Sciences Essay

Conservation Of Forest Resources In North India Environmental Sciences EssayForests argon congenital umbrellas for demesne come on because they protect the ground surface from erosion by flowing raindrops and control radiation balance of the earth and the atmosphere by consuming maturationd amount of carbon dioxide released from ever change magnitude hu spell volcanoes (chimneys of the factories) and thus prevent the earth from becoming overly hot. Removal of woodland interbreed exposes the ground surface to the atmospheric processes.Forest is a backup resource. A large number of people of the hills and plains depend on quality resources especi altogethery in the North-Eastern Region of India. It is a renewable resource if properly managed. deforestation can take place in no time but generation of forest takes a long time to develop into a egotism contained viable eco ashes.Today, on that point is a great awareness of the problems of forests in our rustic as well as in North East India. During the last cardinal decade the forest vertebral column of the region got depleted at an alarming outrank, hence, preservation of forest is a heavy task for the region.Comprising of eight states, viz. ArunachalPradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura north easternward India is a mega-biodiversity centre and a hotspot. The region contains more than one third of the countrys total bio-diversity and is one of the 18 recognised bio-diversity hotspots of the world. It occupies 7.7% of Indias total geographical area supporting50% of the botany of which 31.58% is endemic. It is a transitional zone between the Indian, Indo-Barman-Malaysian and Indo-Chinese regions. The region supports a rich biodiversity spanning from tropical rainforests to alpine scrubs. This rich biodiversity has a significant role in the fear of the ecosystem.The region is rich in orchids, ferns, oaks bamboos, rhododendrons magnolias etc.With the shrinkage of green concealing everywhere, the region is also experiencing an impact on its ecological system. The major threats to the rich biodiversity of the region are expansion of hoidenish activities, over-exploitation of forests for fire forest, shifting cultivation, extensive tinting, grazing, urbanization, man-made forest fires, introduction of exoticplants, ill-managed road construction, mining, etc. which lead to habitat loss and habitat fragmentation that lastly results in biodiversity loss. Natural calamities such as landslides, floods and forest fires also result in biodiversity loss to some extent. The region is known for its age old institutional mechanisms on cultural and social values for biodiversity conservation, namely sacred groves or forests in Meghalaya, Manipur and Nagaland sacred landscapes in Sikkim and sacred hilltops in Arunachal Pradesh.Conserved as the abode of topical anaesthetic dieties, these ecosystems represent remnants of ancient forests, but these practi ces are rapidly vanishing due to modern education and conversion of religion, which have led to the giving up of traditional and heathenish beliefs. India has strengthened its hold on biodiversity conservation by implementing the Indian Forest Act, 1927 the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 the Forest (Conservation)Act, 1980 the Environment(Protection) Act, 1986 the Biodiversity Act, 2002 the Biodiversity Rule, 2004,etc.The northeastern part of India, known for its diverse and most extensive waterspout forest cover, is sadly one of the major regions facing severe deforestation. Forests of this region are unique structurally and species composition. It is a meeting region of temperate east Himalayan flora, palaeo-arctic flora of Tibetan highland and wet evergreen flora of south-east Asia and Yunnan forming bowl of biodiversity. One of the states of this region viz., Arunachal Pradesh occupies a significant place as a crucible for the evolution of flora in north-east India and for spe ciation. The Brahmaputra valley sandwiched between Eastern Himalaya in the north, Garo/Khasi/Jaintia and Mikir/Cachar/Barail hills ranges in the south is a meeting ground of the temperate east Himalayan flora and the wet evergreen and wet deciduous floristic elements. The Khasi-Jaintia hills function as a corridor of the south-east Asia floristic elements into the Indian subcontinent through the Arakan arc. The altitudinal variation and rainfall patterns of southwest and northeast monsoon play a significant role in the development of ecological niches in this region of India.The forest cover of north-east India has been assessed by the government at 1, 64,043 sq. km of the total geographical area of 2,55,083 sq.km. In the states of north-east India the heaviest demand on forest is for fuel wood and agricultural lands. The precise of deforestation cannot be accurately assessed due to the remoteness of many areas from which forest is removed and the lack of written records for defores tation. The forest area of the states wish well Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur and Mizoram has been reducing at an alarming rate. It is to be noted that the forest areas of the plains of the north-east India are considerably below national norm. In fact during the last hardly a(prenominal) decades, there has become a rapid degeneration of forest resources in the region which stakeed the economy and ecology of north-east India requiring the intervention of the supreme court of law of India.According to an official estimate based on satellite images ( keep an eye on report of FSI), northeastern region has 1, 63,799 sq.km of forest, which is about 25% of the total forest cover in the country (Anon., 2000) The management of the forest has suffered in the recent past due to pressure on land, decreasing cycle of shifting cultivation, exploitation of forest for timber and lack of scientific management strategy. The age-old practice of shifting cultivation has been a single factor responsibl e for the forest and land degradation, thereby changing the landscape extensively. About 0.45 million families in northeastern region annually cultivate 10,000 sq.km forests whereas total area affected by jhumming is believed to be 44,000 sq.km (Singh, 1990). Degraded substitute forests, bamboo thickets and weeds or simply barren land dominate todays jhumscapes (Toky and Ramakrishnan, 1981 Roy and Joshi, 2002)Further, the problem has been getting worse through the indiscriminate felling of trees to satisfy the ever-growing hunger of industries surviving on forest products such as paper and pulp, plywood, match stick, etc. There is an urgent need of policy measures to undo the massive losses to the green cover of this region. Unlike other regions of the country administrative control regimes of forest cover in Northeast is different. A large part of the forests in this area fall infra the category of open forests with a crown density of 10-40% and only few areas qualify as dense f orests i.e. of crown density of 40% or higher. According to 1995 estimates, these states including Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland and Sikkim accounted for a loss of 791 sq. km forest area in two years viz. from 1993 to 1995 (FSI, 1996).Administrative classification of the forest cover in Northeast IndiaStateTotalReservedProtectedUnclassifiedTotalShifting Cultivation (1987-97)Tripura0.630.360.050.220.630.06Sikkim0.260.220.030.010.26*Nagaland0.860.010.050.800.860.39Mizoram1.590.710.360.521.590.38Meghalaya0.950.100.010.850.960.18Manipur1.500.140.400.961.500.36Assam3.071.810.400.863.070.13Arunachal Pradesh5.151.533.610.015.150.23Total14.014.884.914.2314.021.73Land Use/Land Cover in Northeast India. (Source Anon., 2002a)Land cover (Vegetation Type)StatesArea (km2)Area (%)Tropical incessantlygreen ForestNagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Mizoram, Tripura5246.2022.001Hollong Forest(Dipterocarpus)Arunachal Pradesh, Assam980.870.374Tropical Semi-Evergreen F orestManipur, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram15363.425.86Moist Deciduous ForestManipur, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura19727.247.524RiverainArunachal Pradesh209.360.08Hollock (Terminalia sp.)Arunachal Pradesh108.870.042Sal (Shorea robusta) forestSikkim, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura526.610.201Teak (Tectona grandis) PlantationAssam15.710.006Dry DeciduousForest Manipur79.000.03Subtropical Evergreen IArunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya20866.837.959Subtropical Evergreen IIArunachal Pradesh3559.081.358Sub-Tropical Broad leaved ForestMizoram509.950.195 deciduous Hill ForestSikkim1876.180.716Mixed PineMeghalaya1020.070.389Pine ForestManipur, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya1647.270.628Temperate BroadleavedArunachal Pradesh20785.027.928Mixed Temperate ForestNagaland509.950.195Wet Temperate ForestMizoram448.160.171Temperate evergreen ForestArunachal Pradesh3190.601.217Fir ForestArunachal Pradesh159.110.061Sub-alpine and RhododendronSikkim, Aru nachal Pradesh,276.350.105Total97104.6037.04Land CoverStatesArea%Associated vegetation typeAban maked JhumManipur, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura.20065.367.653Open Bamboo BrakesNagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura9501.573.624Degraded ForestArunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura15189.125.793subalpine and alpine ScrubArunachal Pradesh, Sikkim2654.881.013Alpine PasturesArunachal Pradesh, Sikkim4697.661.792Other GrasslandsAssam, Meghalya1971.180.752Shrub/ScrubAssam581.140.222Total151765.5157.89Orchards (including tea gardens)Arunachal Pradesh and Assam6896.672.631Non-forest/Current shifting cultivation/Fallow/ crude(a)/ Alpine Barren/Agriculture/ Settlement/OthersArunachal Pradesh, Assam, Mizoram, Tripura,Nagaland, Sikkim, Manipur, MeghalyaArunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Manipur83032.7531.67Cloud/Snow/Shadow16164.006.165Water BodyArunachal Pradesh, Assam, Mizoram,Tripura,Nagaland, Sikkim, Manipur, Meghalya4320.071.648Total26 2179.00100Statewise area under forest(sq. km.) in 2001,Sl noStategeographic areaTotal forestDense forestOpen forestPercentage of forest area to geographical area1Arunachal Pradesh83,74368,04553,93214,11381.252Assam78,43827,71415,83011,88435.333Manipur22,32716,9265,71011,21675.814Meghalaya22,42915,5845,6819,90369.485Mizoram21,08117,4948,9368,55882.986Nagaland16,57913,3455,3937,95280.497Tripura10,4867,0653,4633,60267.38Source state of forest report 2001. Quoted in statistical abstract, India, 2002,Forest cover in northeast IndiaA review of the forest cover statistics of northeast India reveals some unexpected and contradictory trends. Data from the Forest Survey show an increase in forest cover of 3,398 square kilometers, an annual rate of 0.5 percent, for northeast India between 1987 and 1991, and a steady reduction in forest cover of 2,443 square kilometers, an annual rate of 0.15 percent, during the 1991-2001 periods. This increase between 1987 and 1991 seems to contradict the gene ral perception of steady forest loss during the last decades (Barik and others 2005 Roy and Joshi 2002).North East India Changes in Forest Cover 1987-2001Annual rate of loss of forest cover due to shifting cultivation in north-east IndiaStateArea affected by shifting cultivation in sq. km per yearPopulation dependent on shifting cultivation(000)Arunachal Pradesh703270Assam700403Manipur500300Meghalaya760350Mizoram600260Nagaland730400Tripura170100Source report of the forest survey of India,2001Percentage Annual Change in Forest Cover in North East India 1987-2001Ministry of Environment and ForestState-level data provide a clearer extension of the regional trends. The data reveal, for the period 1987-1989, a near 4 percent and over 5 percent increase in forest cover in Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim respectively. This seems implausible since natural regeneration processes are typically considerably slower. Equally improbable is the annual maturement rate for Tripura, which is recorded at almost 11 percent between 1999 and 2001.The reasons for this sudden expansion in forest cover are unclear, though it is suggested that the data reflect changes in methodology and scale. For instance the 2001 data include all lands with a tree canopy density of more than 10 percent, irrespective of land use.Thus tea plantations, agro- forestry plantations, and fruit orchards are all defined as forests. In addition, a number of districts previously ignored have been included in the assessments, which probably leads to some increases. Hence the Ministry of Environment and Forests cautions against lay comparisons as technique and scale of interpretation were both different (Ministry of Environment and Forests 2001).Open and Dense Forest Developments in North East India 1997, 1999 and 2001THE MAJOR CAUSES OF disforestationConversion of forest land in agricultural land Due to the increasing population and subsequent food pressure over limited agricultural land, forest land is been br ought under cultivation so that agricultural production may be substantially increased and food may be provided to sharp-set human population.Shifting or jhuming cultivation Shifting cultivation is a major cause of forest lost in north-east India. The loss of forest cover due to shifting cultivation is increasing every yearOvergrazing of forest of moderate cover by animals has resulted into large scale degradation of natural vegetation if not the complete destruction of forest. The deforested areas has been worst affected by grazing animals because no fresh regeneration of plant has been allowed by large herds of grazing animals.Forest fires Forest fire whether natural or man made is effective destroyers of forest covers. Atmospheric lightning is the major source of natural forest fires too man causes forest fire through his intentional/advertent and unintentional actions. Besides destroying vegetations, forest fires harden the ground surface which decreases the porosity of the so ils and consequently there is a little infiltration of rain water.Lumbering Lumbering for domestic and commercial purposes is the real cause of large scale destruction of forest cover. Ever increasing demand of timber for various purposes due to industrial expansion, urban growth and rapidly increasing human population has done great stultification to natural forest covers.Multipurpose river projects Multipurpose river projects require larger areas to be submerged for the storage of huge volume of water in the reservoirs constructed behind the dams. Thus, ingress of forested riverine areas completely destroys the natural forest.Steps taken by the governmentThe national forest policy of India, 1998, is now in force. Its formulation has been timely and sure enough a marked improvement over the policy of 1952, which emphasized on increasing the area under forest cover to 33% or 1/3rd of the country total geographical area and 60% in the hills of north-east India.Forest development a gency (FDA) is a central agency which provides pecuniary help to the state government for the planting of trees and conservation of forest area.The government of Assam has of late formulated a forest policy, developing a common preliminary to manage both surround and biodiversity. The new policy, 2004, which is first of its kind, seems to be a comprehensive thoughtful one fuel, because the policy has considered almost all the major environment concern like flora and fauna, wildlife, soil fertility etc. the policy provides a comprehensive strategy for environmental conservation and improved support system for livelihood for the people living in the fringe areas of forests and thereby seeks to overcome the two major environmental problems- degradation of biodiversity and forest cover.CONSERVATION STRATEGY of set RESOURCES IN NORTH EASTManagement of Biosphere Reserves, National Parks, Sanctuaries etc. in the region.Regulation of Sacred Groves.Introduction of more programs on Affores tation.Possible Replacement of areas under Shifting Cultivation by alternative economic activities.Ecosystem based forest management has to be adopted to maintain ecological balance.Reforestation in the deforested areas must(prenominal) be regulated to restore the ecological balance.Plantation of trees and vegetation should be made a compulsory feature in educational institutes, Youth clubs and in communities.Areas of water-shed should also be managed through afforestation programs.Alternative Livelihood must be provided for forest dwellers.Over-exploitation, habitat loss and fragmentation are the three major factors that threaten the biodiversity of this region. Forest is the vital components to sustain the life support system on the earth.Forests are playing an important role in the socio-economic development of a country or region. The role of forest in ecological balance,Last but not the least, serious efforts will have to be made to protect and maintain forest both at governm ent as well as public level. Due attention should be given to forest management. Some of the effective steps for the conservation of forest are as followsA proper ratio between forest cutting and plantation of trees should be maintained.Actual growth of trees is supervised.Strict prohibition of the cutting of trees for fuel is imposed.Protection from forest fire.Development of Natural Park and sanctuaries.Social forestry is developed.Forest survey, be conducted and classification be done accordingly.Plantation of trees according to local ecological condition.Long term master plan for forest conservation and development is prepared.CONCLUSIONEnvironmental stability, bio-diversity conservation, food security system and sustainable development has been widely recognized at many aspects of conservation strategies. The key role of the forest has been recognized in their ecological, cultural, commercial and aesthetic aspects, tho rapid shrinkage of forest cover is threatening to tilt t he ecological balance in the North Eastern Region. A sizeable disappearance of forest cover is causing serious damage to forest ecosystem of the region. The fast dwindling of forest cover is attributed to rampant encroachment and unchecked habitat expansion in the forest land. Encroachment is more aggressive in forest areas located along the inter-state boundary with Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya. For the Northeast the CDM funding potential can be maximized if the definition allows for high crown density and height. Appropriate areas can be readily identified through comparative assessments of forest cover changes using the widely usable aerial maps of the region. However, in the absence of an agreed definition it is impossible to quantify the financial opportunities that could emerge from the CDM. Further assessments must await government decisionsMan has eer had an integral association with nature, and thereby with forest. He has gradually changed the aspect o f natural ecosystem into man-made ecosystem. Thus it can be said that man has the power too to control the further degradation of our natural environment if he desires to do the needful action and it would be possible only through the participation of man in respect of the preservation and conservation of various natural resources where, forest resource is one of the vital one. Hence it is worth mentioning that conservation of forest resources in North East India is need of the hour.

Gender Discrimination Of Black Women Sociology Essay

Gender Discrimination Of Black Wo manpower Sociology EssayIt is illegal, selfish and unlawful to discriminate people because of their gender or race when it comes to the institution of employment. This includes recruitments, transfers, trainings, layoffs, incentive packages, promotion, job classifications, salaries/remunerations, terms of make believe and retirement benefits. This is what the federal law says in Title VII of the Civil Rights Act (Hagen, 2011). It was passed in 1964 and has non changed yet. Meaning, it is still the indispensable law on sexist procedures. This law is binding to all employers (state, private, employment agencies, NGOs), regardless of their setups. Besides the federal law, the California domain Law, FEHA, is quite clear and specific about gender disagreement at work (Fair Employment Practices Guidelines, 2005). interchangeable the state of California, small-army other states and nations strongly negative sex and race discriminations when it come s to the work-place.Well, according to the latest statistics, the gender and race discrimination is still as alive and active in the U.S as it was before the enactment of the law in 1964. The coun sift continues to resile un lawsuitable and illicit discrimination of women in the work force. The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics (USBLS) reveals that women working within the homogeneous environment, and doing the same job as men, earn much less compargond to their colleagues (Gregory, 2003). Further to this, according to the World Economic Forum on Gender Disparity (WEFGD), there is no nation in the world that has managed to eliminate gender or race discrimination in the workplace.The purpose of this paper, however, is to look at the gender discrimination of glowering women in the work force and how it differs from foul men and white men and women in the workforce. In order to do this, this work begins by feeling at the general discrimination of women, and how it becomes more specific when it comes to foul women in the work force. It similarly looks at the gap between black women and black men in the work place. Thirdly, it looks at how the discrimination of black women differs from black men and white men and women in the work force. And lastly, the paper concludes with a summary of the table of contents discussed in the entire paper.General discrimination of womenThe gender gap between men and women is obviously huge, and deeply historical. The disparity is purge scarier when one pictures the conception of boys and girls in the developing world. Boys atomic number 18 seen as insurance to the family, with much expectation that they will one day convey a job and support their family. It is also seen as their birth-right to inherit their familys property. The situation is not the same with girls. Girls are seen as expenses to the family. In some environments women even moan when they discover that they halt conceived a girl. The world is sens ed to be for men, while women belong at home. Its no wonder in India when a baby-girl is born she is received as the servant of the household.Clearly, the discrimination of women in the monastic order is a disturbing reality. With the perception of men as insurance and women as household servants, women cant stop themselves from feeling inferior. Everything shows they are. Their identity has been forged by the discriminatory structures of the society. One thing that the male dominated society is slow to learn is that women open a place in the affable and economic development of the society. The devastate effects of women discrimination in one way or the other comes round to men (William, 2012). While most developed countries, like the U.S, cunningly try to play everything right, they cannot help conceal the fact that gender discrimination is real and kicking in the workplace. When it comes to promotion, job classification, sexual harassment, working terms etc, the United States is on the face of it on the spot (Gregory, 2003).According to the research by the Global Campaign for Education (GCE), one in every five girls is uncomfortable with her gender. They feel girls are more restricted when it comes to freedom, education, employment opportunities, and security matters. They also believe that women are more likely to be harassed and victimized by their employers than are men. unless despite all the international laws, including the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), prohibiting all forms of inequalities, gender discrimination remains a serious social setback (Blanchfield, 2010).Besides, it is a reality that most women continue working in employments classd as female occupations. It is also a damn veracity that women in the same job categories as men earn much less than their male colleagues (Drydakis, 2012). Apparently, women earn 23 cents less for every dollar a man earns. Even when it comes to promotio n, few women make it up the ladder. Then there is the field of study of harassment. Women are constantly harassed and intimidated in their workplaces (Ferriss, 1971). Most employers do not take into consideration issues much(prenominal) as pregnancy and family responsibility (William, 2012). If they do, the pay reflects it all. Well, somebody might argue that women do not negotiate sound sufficiency with their employers for better salary as men do. That might be true, that evidences from women who have tried negotiating for their pay are found to have met bitter reactions. It is even true that most women who negotiate for their salaries during interviews are more likely to be dropped than men who employ the same tactics. And lastly, there is nothing more frustrating than to be discriminated first of all, because you are a woman, and secondly, because you are black (Feder Brougher, 2012). This is what black women go through.Discrimination of black women in the work forceAfrican A merican women have bulkyly progressed when it comes to education and taking up tasks that were once reserved for men and possible white American women. In fact, in the black American association today, women are more professional and educated than black men. However, these women still have it rough when it comes to securing places in the work force. For those who happen to flummox jobs, they are constantly face with challenges of either gender or racial discrimination, or even both (Gregory, 2003).Black women blame their predicament on three reasons. One, they are discriminated because they are black. Two, they are discriminated because they are women. And three, they are discriminated on the grounds of the combination of the two (race and gender). In addition to the twin vulnerabilities, African American women live in neighborhoods that are miles forward from the employment opportunities. They also earn much less compared to what the black men and white women and men earn (Per lman, 1994).There is also the existing negative stereotype of African American single mothers (Bobbitt-Zeher, 2011). Way before the federal law on gender discrimination was passed in 1964, single black mothers were totally under-respected and disregard in the society. In actual fact, they acquire less salary and received minimal benefits compared to what the white single mothers earned and received. Apart from the few changes that were brought about by the legislation of 1996, which prohibited discrimination against single mothers, this mentality literally lingered on to todays workplace. For instance, as of 2007, the poverty rate for African American children from single mother families was at 49.4 percent compared to 42 percent of white American children from single mother families.Nothing much has polarized the discrimination of black women in the last few age than the anti-poverty policy introduced by George W. Bush. This policy, also called the marriage initiative, assumed t hat single mothers were poor because they were not married. Well, this has worked well for white single mothers who moved into marriage with their husbands from wealthy backgrounds. still the same cannot apply to the black single mothers. They are not married primarily because of the poor economical prospects, and not vice versa. Getting married isnt the solution, but getting good jobs. Unfortunately, this is where the problem is. worse still, white employers would rather employ black men than hire black women in their work force. It is much worse for black single mothers.A combination of race and gender discrimination of black women in the work force is perhaps the worst social inequality, specially if it is coming from the society that is supposed to champion equal human rights for all. Like the white women, the black women find themselves between very odd situations, especially if they have to make decisions based on the available options. Here is a professional woman with al l the academic qualifications looking for one of the best jobs on the land, but the society says no, your place is the stereotype female jobs. In fact, with all the qualifications you wont earn as much as men do. Then there is the issue of harassment and unequal treatment at the workplace (Sanchez-Hucles, 1997). This is the situation most women find themselves in. Much to the wound, black women have also to bear the racial discrimination. Like black men, they face the negative stereotypes from the white race which limit their ability to be fairly employed in the work force. In many ways, they find themselves excluded from working in most of the enviable jobs and organizations. Besides, black women also have to deal with oppressive attitudes that deny them equal opportunities in the workplace. This double vulnerability (gender and race) is the reason behind the discrimination of black women in the work force (Ferriss, 1971).The Impact of black women discriminationThe discrimination o f black women in the work force is a significant social setback and its consequences directly impact on the society, especially on the black families. It is a reality that black families in the United States in the main generate their family income from their wages. Unlike the white American families, which largely generate their income from inherited and well established firms, the black community has to go and look for job opportunities to get their income. Little known is that black women are also the major income providers for their families. When there are limited economic prospects and labor market opportunities for black women in the work force, the entire black families suffer the consequences, so is the national economy (Roscigno, 2007).How black women differ from black menWhile both the African American women and men suffer from the racial discrimination, it is the women who are on the worst end, given the negative gender disparity in America and elsewhere in the world. D espite great progress that African American women have gained, especially in education and occupational status, they are still considered inferior to black men, and white men and women. Worse still, in the workplace, black women are paid much less than black men. A research conducted in 2005 showed that black women earned only eighty septet cents for a corresponding dollar earned by men. By 2006, over thirteen percent of African American women were poorer compared to only seven percent of black men (Alkadry Tower, 2011)There is also the aspect of job security. Most employers are so relaxed when it comes to employing black women. They would rather have the black men around than employee black women. There is no better way to explain this except on the line of gender discrimination and a little bit of racial prejudice. It is also astonishing to see black women, who are generally more educated and in uplifted professional positions than black men, earn much less than they do (Sanche z-Hucles, 1997).Black women and white men and women in the work placeLike with the research on black women compared to black men, statistics carried out in 2005 showed that white women earned 15 percent more than what black women earned for the same job. This was narrowed down to 85 cents for black women for every 1 dollar earned by white women. They also showed that black women earned 67 cents for a corresponding dollar earned by white men. When this data was reviewed in 2006, a high percentage of 13 of black women were found to be poor. Only 4 percent and 7 percent of white men and women respectively were found to be poor. This revealed the extent to which discrimination on black women had negatively impacted on their livelihood.It is also shocking true that for every black woman employed in the work force two white women are equally hired. The other difference between black and white women is explicit when it comes to finding their first jobs. Observably, unripe African American women get their first jobs after a long struggle. It is not so with the white women they get their first jobs within a shorter issue (Perlman, 1994).ConclusionDespite all the developments, especially on laws prohibiting inequalities of any nature, gender and racial discrimination are still significant social realities. The United States, particularly, continues to reflect unreasonable and illicit discrimination of women in the work force. But it is not just women. Black women are the most affected with this negative stereotype in the workplace. In reality, African American women face up to the same issues as white women, and so are the African American men and white men. However, factors such as gender, race and social stereotypes have made it so difficult for black women to feel equal with the rest of the categories. In addition to carrying the burden of peeping for a job and putting up with the discriminatory issues at the workplace, black women also have an extra baggage of de aling with the economic insecurities among African American men. While white women rely on their white men for economic support, black women face the realities of dealing with their own economic situation. It is high time the states, and in deed the entire social setup, came up with policies that would help black women overcome the predicaments that have been unfairly and unlawfully imposed on them by the societal structures. The black women, just like the white women, black men and white men, have the right to freedom, equal job opportunities, education and security. They need to be respected and protected from harassment and victimization at the workplace.

My Educational Philosophy Essay -- Philosophy of Education Teachers Te

My Educational PhilosophyPlato/Socrates and Rousseau have become major philosophical approaches. All these opinions ar different compared to mine. Some are the same and some are different. I do agree with some of the philosophers points, but some I disagree with. My philosophical view relates to some of the philosophers views.First, Socrates (469-399 B.C.) view is on asking students repeatedly questions to make them re guess what they be restve. He wanted to help others find the truths that lie within their minds. His questions dealt with the nature of love or the practised. He wanted to help his students develop guides to a virtuous life. I agree with this to a certain degree. service students develop a guide to a virtuous life is good. Repeatedly asking students questions about love or the good is not a good approach. I think students have learned as they live. You have to learn through what you go through. Live and learn is a good philosophy. You have to think and learn befor e you react to something. Pushing a human to learn is not going to make them learn. Experience contributes to learning. It is a big part of learning. view is also a big part. Plato is a philosopher whose view I partly agree with also. Plato believed that the human soul has three parts intellect (reason), spirit (passion), and inclination (basic animal desires). This was his philosophy on life. He is right. We have reason to figure it out. There is a reason for everything. There is a reason why everything happens the steering it does. If there was no reason, what is the purpose for anything? Spirit (passion) is also a true philosophy. Every human has the desire for passion. A hobby is a passion. A lover is a passion. Appetite (basic animal desires) ... ...em through it. The rules in the classroom are very important. There should be few and strict rules. If there were no rules, the teachers would nonplus ran over by the students. The children need to know their limits in the cla ssroom. They need to know who is in control. Although I have disagreed with some of Rousseaus views, I agree with most of them. Rousseaus philosophies are mainly what I agree with most. He was a great philosopher and he will follow me through my teaching career. I hope someday my shipway of teaching, how I go about it, and what I teach, will reflect someones life. I hope the students look at me as a great teacher and someday they will look keep going on me and say she taught me something I need to know for the rest of my life. I want to be one of the teachers who are looked back on. I plan to peruse my teaching career. I am very excited about it.

Natural Resources And Management Essay -- essays research papers

Natural Resources and ManagementCultural resources are the traces of all foregone activities andaccomplishments of people that includes designated historic districts,archeological sites, buildings, structures, and objects. These also include lesstangible forms like aspects of folklife, traditional or religious practices, andlandscapes. These nonrenewable resources often yield ridiculous information aboutpast societies and environments, and can provide answers for modern day socialand conservation problems.a ship wreckan arrowheada canonan Indian campsiteIndian rock arta tin cana Victorian housean historic mining townan irrigation canala damAll of these can be cultural resources. Cultural resources are thephysical remains of a peoples way of life that archaeologists and historiansstudy to try to run into how people lived. Cultural resources are importantbecause they help us to learn about our past. These tangible remains help usunderstand other cultures, value architecture and en gineering, and learnabout past accomplishments. Furthermore, they offer educational and recreationalopportunities and provide links to our past.&nb...