Postmodernism, Hyperreality and the Hegemony of Spectacle in New Hollywood Essay

After the screening of The Matrix on its first bring on, a dear first cousin of mine, image connoisseur and avid fan of perfect movies, spontaneously made the following comment This is an simply unsanded cinema to me If any(prenominal) thing, The Matrix is a clear marker of pagan change.A film with state of the art return values like this is bound to elicit in us the be juveniled realization of how soft our response has been to the cultural products of an entirely transformed film industriousness, that of New Hollywood. My cousins casual and unwitting remark reflects the embarrassment felt by both professional critic and layman alike in coping with coetaneous movies, especially when we still tend to approach New Hollywood products with the standards of the Old Hollywood cinema.Because of our adherence to tradition, we still tend to savor for those classical values of development, coherence and unity in records only to find with disappointment that taradiddle plots beco me thinner, that characters be reduced to one and only(a)-dimensional stereotypes and that action is carried by dint of by loosely-linked sequences, built around prominent stunts, dazzling stars and special effects. Narrative complexity is sacrificed on the communion table of spectacle (Buckland 166) as todays blockbusters turn give away to be nothing however calculated exercises in profit-making, all high-concept, high-gloss and pure show.Similar cries of warning about the loss of tale integrity to cinematic spectacle meet been voiced at variant periods, usually at times of crisis or change in the bill of the Ameri canful cinema. One could cite, for example, Bazins disdain at the displacement of classicism by the baroque style, stigma the end of the pure phase of classical cinema. His coined term, superwestern, designates the emergence of a new kind of western (Kramer 290), that, fit to Bazin, would be ashamed to be just itself, and looks for some additional interest to justify its existencean aesthetic, sociological, moral, psychological, political, or erotic interest (150-1).Similarly, in 1957 Manny Farber, taking his cue from Bazins superwestern, laments the disappearance of this classical roduction system and the closing of action-oriented likeness theaters in the 1950s. He claims that directors like Howard Hawks who had flourished in a factory of unpretentious picture-making were pushed towards artistic self-consciousness, thematic seriousness, and big-budget spectacle (Kramer 293, vehemence added). A decade later, Pauline Kael too expresses her fears at the disintegration of filmic narrative which she attributes to the abrasion of handed-down film production in general.She laments not only the emphasis on technique purely opthalmic content, and open-ended, elaborate interpretations of the experimental and innovative art film of the New American Cinema, but as Kramer puts it, she was evenly critical of the experiences facilitated by Holl ywoods mainstream releases. The lack of concern for coherent storytelling on the part of producers and directors in charge of the volatile and overblown answer of filmmaking was matched by the audiences enthusiastic response to prominent attractions and shock effects, irrespective of their degree of narrative motivation. 296) Voices of dissatisfaction were heard at another major turn in the history of Hollywood, that is in the late 1970s, when the unprecedented box-office success of Jaws (1975) and Star Wars (1977), signaled Hollywoods aesthetic, cultural and industrial re-orientation towards movies with more emphasis on special effects and cinematic spectacle (Kramer 301).Unlike the classical movies produced on the conference line under the studio regime (films that respected narrative integrity and refined story ideas into the classical three-act of exposition, complication and resolution), the products of New Hollywood, says critic Richard Schickel, come out to be give way l ost or abandoned the art of narrative. Filmmakers are generally not down stories at all, they are spicing up concepts (as they like to call them), refining gimmicks, making sure there are no complexities to fur our tongue when it comes time to spread the member of mouth(3).Contemporary cinema has come to depend so much on shrewd selling and advertising strategies that its pictures, as Mark Crispin Miller points out, like TV ads, aspire to a radical look and seem more designed than directed (49). The difficulty that critics nowadays face with films like The Matrix and the new situation in Hollywood, is not only unlike the laymans inability to assess any recent Hollywood film as a discreet textual artifact that is either separate or worse than the artifact produced under the studio regime, Cook and Bernink note (99).It has also to do with regarding the textual form of recent Hollywood as expressive of changed production circumstances that lead to a different kind of textual art ifact(ibid. ). In other words, as we move on in our globalized, high technology age, it is becoming more and more difficult to regard any single movie as a self-contained, free text. On the contrary, as Eileen Meehan contends, it has become imperative to look upon any New Hollywood mainstream release ceaselessly and simultaneously as text and commodity, intertext and product line (31).In order to revise our critical standards and oppose effectively to the new status of the contemporary Hollywood movie, we need to grasp the dramatic changes that the American film manufacture has undergone in the post-classical period, which started right after World War II and culminated to a point of al-Qaeda transformation in the post-1975 period, which has eventually come to best warrant the term New Hollywood.These changes have been limpidly described in a number of historiographic studies (Ray 1985, Balio 1985, 1990, Schatz 1983, 1993, Gomery 1986, Bernardoni 1991, Corrigan 1991, Hillier 1992, Wasko 1994, Kramer 1998, Neale and Smith 1998, Cook and Bernink 1999) which collectively shed ample escaped on the completely new situation defining New Hollywood. What has drastically changed is both the ways movies are made and the ways in which Hollywood has been doing business.After the governments dismantling of the vertically-integrated studio system, the perseverance turned to producing and selling motion pictures on a film-by-film basis, resulting in the shift of power from studio heads to deal-makers (agents), in the tramp of independent producers/directors, and in a more competitive and split movie marketplace (Schatz 9).To the rise of TV and the emergence of other competing media technologies (VCRs, Cable and Satellite TV) Hollywood resolveed with a re-orientation towards blockbuster movies, these high-cost, high-tech, high-stakes, multi-purpose entertainment machines that overcompensate music videos and soundtrack albums, TV series and videocassettes, video games and theme park rides, novelizations and comic books (Schatz 9).Despite the increasingly fragmented but ever more expanding entertainment industry with its demographics and target audiences, its diversified multimedia conglomerates, its global(ized) markets and new talking to systems, the calculated blockbuster, as New Hollywoods feature film, remains the driving force of the industry (ibid. ). This is testified by the monumental success of the blockbuster at the box-office.Schatz cites Varietys commissioned study of the industrys all-time commercial hits, in which only 2 movies of the classical period appear to have reached the top, whereas 90 of the top 100 hits have been produced since 1970, and all of the top 20 since Jaws in 1975(9). The big-budget, all-star, spectacular hits of the late fifties and early sixties (such as The Ten Commandments, Ben Hur, Cleopatra, or Dr. Zhivago) have some sizable get to show for (all in the vicinity of $25-to $50 million).By the standar ds of their age, they were considered colossal box-office successes however, by todays standards they seem quite puny contestants to the post-75 era of super-blockbusters which generate record-setting grosses, well beyond the $100 million barrier (always in constant dollars). And such a figure applies only to theatrical rentals, which accounts just for a percentage of the total revenue of a movie which also finds outlets in ancillary markets. he industrys spectacular growth and expansion (its horizontal integration) is to a capacious extent owing to the take-over of the majors (Paramount, Fox, Columbia, MCA/Universal) by massive media empires (Warner/Time Communications, Murdochs News Corporations, Sony, Matsushita, respectively) forming multimedia conglomerates with diverse interests in the domestic and the global market, with holdings in movies, TV production, cable, records, book and magazine publications, video games, theme parks, consumer electronics (both software and hardwa re).These huge corporations provide financial muscle for the multi-million production budgets of the blockbusters (since the production costs have themselves sky-rocketed), but also market muscle for promotion. Marketing and advertising strategies have been the key to the unprecedented success of the New Hollywood movie since Jaws by pre-selling, usually cashing in on the popularity of a novel published prior to production, a movie becomes a media event by non-buoyant advertising on prime-time TV and the press, as well as by the massive simultaneous release in thousands of mall-based multiplex theaters.Calculated blockbuster productions are carefully designed to ensure the greatest electromotive force profit not only through extended theatrical rental (sequels, re- come outs, remakes, directors cut), but also though capitalization in ancillary markets soon the movie will come out on videocassette, audio-cassette, novel, computer game, and the increasingly popular since the mid-ni neties, DVD, let alone an extended market career through by-products ranging from the CD movie soundtrack to T-shirts and toys, which contribute to the impressive surge in profits.It becomes obvious thus why contemporary movies cannot be conceived of as individual entities and cannot be separately examined from their economic intertext that renders them part (or rather the driving belt) of a larger entertainment machine and advertising campaign. Expensive blockbusters, which in the early days of the post-classical period were the censure and now, as Schatz states, have become the rule, are the central output of modalityrn Hollywood. But what, aside from costs, are their dominant characteristics? How are they able to attract, engage and entertain millions of people? asks Warren Buckland (166).The blockbuster syndrome has also changed the movies mode of address. Designed around a main idea, what is called high concept, a blockbuster becomes increasingly plot-driven, increasingly vis ceral, kinetic, fast-paced, increasingly reliant on special effects, increasingly fantastic (and thus apolitical), and increasingly targeted at young audiences. And significantly enough, the lack of complex characters or plot as for example in Star Wars opens the film to other possibilities, notably its amalgamation of genre conventions and its elaborate play of cinematic references.But while these movies enjoy a great popularity among younger audiences, as their huge box-office success indicates, the loss of narrative integrity to spectacle, and the sense of escapism and smallness usually associated with high-gloss, star glamour and dumb show, has driven most academics or old-cinema cinephiles to summarily shun or dismiss blockbusters as merely calculated exercises in shameless profiteering.Warren Buckland thinks that these arguments about the loss of narrative potential in the contemporary feature film are overstated and attempts to reverse the unhelpful and opposing evaluative stance (167) of the critics towards the blockbuster. Focusing on a typical action-adventure blockbuster, Spielbergs Raiders of the Lost Arc heproposes adopting an analytic and descriptive approach to these films, an approach dubbed by Bordwell and Thompson historical oetics. Part of the argument he makes is that historical poetics can account for the popularity of movies with such a broad appeal (and allows us to take them seriously as aesthetic, cultural objects) especially because movies are examined in terms of their individuality, including their response to their historical moment, in which style and composition respond to the historical questions posed in the goal in which the film is made (168-169). In other words, the issue is not so much about the so-called death of narrativebecause narrative is still live(a) and wellbut the emergence of a new kind of narrative, whose meaning is conveyed not through conventional register but by emphasis on spectacle and the visual imp act of the pictures which provide additional narrative pleasure and have changed the patterns of viewer response. Thus Bucklands concluding remark that it is perhaps time to relinquish condemning the New Hollywood blockbuster and to start, instead, to understand it, carries more merit than we have been ready to admit.My aspiration in this essay is to extend the argument about the narrative/ spectacle issue in the direction suggested by Buckland, but within a wider, cultural perspective. The supremacy of the visual and the spectacular over traditional narration in the textual form of contemporary movies is not only expressive of the changed production values and the texts signifying practices it is also reflective of the changed cultural patterns and lifestyle habits in postmodernity.Classical cinema favored traditional storytelling because it provided a univocal interpretation of life and reflected a uniformity in entertainment habits cinema was the predominant form of entertain ment, as the movies attracted 83 cents of every U. S. dollar spent on recreation (Ray 26). Its nineties counterpart, with its emphasis on the sensational and the spectacular, on episodic action and generic diversification, is a postmodern cinema socialise the possibility of multiple signification and the hyperreality of the visual, subject to an increasing commodified experience.As Anne Friedberg puts it, today the culture industry takes on different forms Domestic electronics (fax, modems, cable television) follow the interactive model of dialogic telephone communications. The personal computer turns the base of operations user into a desktop publisher, the microwave turns every cook into an jiffy gourmet, the Walkman transforms each listener into a radio programmer.Both production and reception have been individualized the culture industry no long-term speaks in a univocal, monolithic voice. 189) This proliferation of entertainment venues offered to the individual points to a general malaise often regarded as the central feature of postmodernism, what Featherstone terms the fragmentation and overproduction of culturethe key-feature of consumer culture (76). As Jameson says, in postmodern culture, culture itself has become a product in its own right the market has become a substitute for itself and fully as much a commodity as any of the items it includes within itself (1991 x).In the cultural logics of late capitalism, Jamesons code-phrase for postmodernity, what is commodified is not simply the image, which has acquired central role in contemporary culture but lived experience itself. As Guy Debord diagnoses in The Society of the Spectacle, everything that was lived directly has moved away into a re frontation (1983 np). Baudrillard, as Friedberg notes, also talks about the same phenomenonrepresentation of the thing replacing the thingand extends it into a mise-en- abime of the hyperreal, where signs refer only to signs.Hyperreality is not just an inver ted relation of sign and signifier, but one of receding reference, a deterrence operation in the signifying chain(178). A part in this process of the commodification of the sign and the derealization of the real has been played by media technologies, especially electronics, as Vivian Sobchack points out The postmodern and electronic instant constitutes a form of absolute presence (one abstracted from the continuity that gives meaning to the system past/present/future) and changes the nature of the space it occupies.Without the temporal emphases of historical consciousness and personal history, space becomes abstract, ungrounded, flata rank for play and display rather than an invested situation in which action counts rather than computes. Such a sciolistic space can no longer hold the spectator/ users interest, but has to have got it constantly in the same way a video game does. Its flatnessa conk of its lack of temporal thickness and bodily investmenthas to attract spectator in terest at the surface. In an important sense, electronic space disembodies.